Placée cette année sous le thème « Des hommes et des femmes au service de l’humanité », elle a été instituée il y a trois ans par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies à la suite de l’attentat meurtrier de Bagdad contre le siège de l’organisation. Au cours de cette attaque, 22 employés de l’ONU avaient perdu la vie dont l’Envoyé de l’ONU, Sergio Vieira de Mellio.
A ceux-ci, il faut ajouter les 102 employés de l’ONU morts en Haïti lors du séisme de 2010.
C’est pour leur rendre hommage, ainsi qu’à tous les autres qui ont perdu la vie ailleurs dans le monde, notamment en Haiti, en RDC, en Cote d’Ivoire ou en Afghanistan, que le Secrétaire général, Ban Ki-moon a déposé une gerbe à New York lors d’une cérémonie organisée à cet effet.
« Ces agents humanitaires bravent souvent le danger, loin de leur foyer. Ils travaillent de longues heures, dans les conditions les plus difficiles. Par leur action, ils sauvent des vies dans les situations de conflit et de catastrophes naturelles. Ils rapprochent aussi les peuples en nous rappelant que nous sommes une seule et même famille et que nous partageons les mêmes rêves et la même aspiration à un monde pacifique dans lequel nous pouvons tous vivre en toute sécurité et dans la dignité », a déclaré Ban Ki-moon dans son message.
Dans un entretien accordé ce matin à Jean Vénel Casséus de Radio Caraïbes, la porte-parole du Bureau de la Coordination des Affaires Humanitaires (OCHA), Emmanuelle Schneider, a tenu à souligner que « la communauté humanitaire rend plus particulièrement hommage aux Haïtiens et Haïtiennes qui ont fait montre d’un esprit de solidarité formidable au lendemain du tremblement de terre et dans les épreuves qu’ils subissent au quotidien ».
Question : Qu’est-ce le concept de l’aide humanitaire ?
Emmanuelle Schneider : Le mandat des humanitaires est très clair. Nous venons en aide aux populations affectées pour alléger leurs souffrances. Donc, à partir du moment où une crise humanitaire se déclenche, nous intervenons sur la base des principes d’impartialité et de neutralité. Ces principes s’appliquent à toutes les situations de crise où qu’elles se trouvent. OCHA existe depuis 1974 et constitue un mécanisme de coordination. On s’est rendu compte, pendant le tremblement de terre quand il y a une multitude d’acteurs qui interviennent, que le manque de coordination peut faire échouer une opération. Donc, c’est un mécanisme de coordination de tous les acteurs qui travaillent au sein du système des Nations Unies. C’est également un mécanisme de mobilisation de fonds. Nous avons une structure qui s’appelle « l’Appel Humanitaire Consolidé » qui est un outil à l’intention de la communauté internationale pour demander des fonds aux gouvernements sur la base de projets qui leur sont soumis. Par exemple en Haïti, nous avons des organisations qui ont soumis des projets humanitaires dans le cadre de cet appel global humanitaire, et ensuite ces projets sont soumis au gouvernement qui décide.
Question : Avez-vous déjà fait un bilan de l’aide humanitaire à Haïti depuis le 12 janvier 2010?
E.S. : Le bilan est fait régulièrement en vue d’évaluer ce qu’il reste à faire. Après le tremblement de terre, la destruction et les dommages ont été tellement énormes, qu’il était pratiquement impossible de faire mieux compte tenu des circonstances. Pendant les trois premiers mois, nous avons rempli notre mandat qui consistait à sauver des vies et à alléger la souffrance des rescapés. Nous avons fourni des abris à 1.5 million de personnes, de la nourriture et de l’eau quotidiennement, et aussi des soins médicaux aux personnes blessées. Donc, nous pouvons dire que nous avons rempli notre mandat qui consistait à sauver des vies et à alléger les souffrances, ajoute-t-elle.
A partir du mois d’avril, nous avons regardé notre présence sous un autre angle en nous demandant comment faire pour ramener ces gens chez eux. C’est là que les choses se compliquent. Comme vous le savez, Haïti souffre de structures assez faibles et la majorité des gens n’ont pas accès à l’eau potable. S’agit-il de reconstruire à l’identique ou d’envisager un pays plus stable où les besoins de base de la population seront satisfaits ? Donc, nous avons estimé que le pays ne peut pas être reconstruit de la même manière. Mais, pour reconstruire une capitale, ce travail ne peut pas se faire en un an. C’est impossible !
Question : Qu’est-ce qui explique qu’on soit encore dans l’humanitaire plus d’un an après le séisme?
E.S. : Le passage de l’humanitaire au développement se fait progressivement puisque la moitié des personnes qui vivaient dans les camps ont pu rentrer chez eux. Nous ne pouvons pas fermer les camps qui restent si nous n’avons pas des moyens d’hébergement pour les personnes qui y vivent. Nous espérons qu’avec le programme de reconstruction lancé par le Président Martelly, qui est très conscient du problème, nous serons en mesure de relocaliser une grande partie des habitants des camps.
Question : Est-ce que l’humanitaire crée la dépendance ?
E.S. : Il était très important de doter le pays des moyens de voler de ses propres ailes. Et pour cela, il est extrêmement important d’investir dans le tissu économique local. A titre d’exemple, lors de l’épidémie du choléra, « la première phase d’urgence étant passée, les acteurs présents dans le domaine de la santé renforcent les structures sanitaires en formant le personnel haïtien et en réhabilitant les hôpitaux. Et maintenant, les structures de traitement du choléra fonctionnent sous le contrôle des autorités haïtiennes. Et je pense que c’est un processus qui peut être répliqué dans tous les domaines en Haïti.
Question : Quelles sont les méthodes d’évaluation appliquées par OCHA ?
E.S. : Les agences d’aide humanitaire interviennent dans plusieurs secteurs vitaux en Haïti tels que la santé, l’éducation, le développement durable, les abris, la protection des enfants contre l’exploitation et bien d’autres activités. Le système des Nations Unies compte une centaine de partenaires (100 ONG) et 400 autres ONG sont officiellement enregistrés à intervenir dans le pays. Ce mécanisme de coordination repose sur des évaluations de terrain basées sur des indicateurs, des réunions intersectorielles, et avec le gouvernement, nous procédons à l’évaluation des capacités de réponse.
Parmi les activités de la Journée à Port-au-Prince et dans les régions, une conférence de presse-débat organisée par l’Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations (OIM) au cours de laquelle des acteurs humanitaires ont témoigné de leur expérience, la projection du film Youthzones retraçant l’expérience de jeunes de pays ayant connu la guerre ou les catastrophes naturelles, dans les centres Multimédia de la MINUSTAH à Jacmel et aux Gonaïves. Un débat entre les jeunes invités à y assister et des représentants d’ONG internationales et locales a suivi cette projection.
En outre, l’émission de télévision Pote Kole produite par l’Unité Vidéo de la MINUSTAH a consacré son édition hebdomadaire à la production des portraits de trois acteurs humanitaires, qui travaillent en Haïti (Cette édition est diffusée sur 14 chaines de télévisions nationales et est accessible sur le site www.minustah.org.
Enfin, avec l’appui du Programme des Volontaires des Nations Unies, OCHA a organisé deux autres événements, l’un à Léôgane, en partenariat avec la radio communautaire Top Canal, qui consistait en un quizz humanitaire à l’issue duquel les gagnants ont reçu des présents symboliques, notamment des T-shirts à l’emblème de la Journée et des kits médicaux, et l’autre qui consistait en un match de football qui s’est tenu à Tabarre, avec l’appui de la Coordination socioculturelle de Tabarre (COSTA), de concert avec la Direction de la Protection civile (DPC) durant lequel des messages de sensibilisation concernant la journée et les risques liés aux catastrophes ont été lancés.
http://minustah.org/?p=31543
Une fenêtre ouverte sur Haïti, le pays qui défie le monde et ses valeurs, anti-nation qui fait de la résistance et pousse les limites de la résilience. Nous incitons au débat conceptualisant Haïti dans une conjoncture mondiale difficile. Haïti, le défi, existe encore malgré tout : choléra, leaders incapables et malhonnêtes, territoires perdus gangstérisés . Pour bien agir il faut mieux comprendre: "Que tout ce qui s'écrit poursuive son chemin, va , va là ou le vent te pousse (Dr Jolivert)
Affichage des articles dont le libellé est LA MINUSTAH ET LE CHOLERA. Afficher tous les articles
Affichage des articles dont le libellé est LA MINUSTAH ET LE CHOLERA. Afficher tous les articles
samedi 20 août 2011
mardi 10 mai 2011
Haiti: UN Panel Links Cholera to MINUSTAH Base; MINUSTAH Continues to Shift Blame
by the Center for Economic and Policy Research The UN "independent panel" released their long awaited report (PDF) on the origin of cholera in Haiti. Although the ultimate conclusion of the panel was that "the Haiti cholera outbreak was caused by the confluence of circumstances . . . and was not the fault of, or deliberate action of, a group or individual," the report is a serious indictment of MINUSTAH, specifically the base in Mirebalais. The report finds that the cholera outbreak began in a tributary near the MINUSTAH base and that the "sanitation conditions at the Mirebalais MINUSTAH camp were not sufficient to prevent fecal contamination of the Meye Tributary System of the Artibonite River." (Check out the picture of the sewage pit on page 22 of the report).
The report does find that cholera "strains isolated in Haiti and Nepal during 2009 were a perfect match." The MINUSTAH troops at the base were from Nepal. And the disease was introduced "as a result of human activity." But, as Colum Lynch asked:
In the end, the panel echoed the U.N.'s talking points throughout the cholera crisis: that the battle to end the scourge should take priority over determining how it got there. "The source of cholera in Haiti is no longer relevant to controlling the outbreak," he said. "What are needed at this time are measures to prevent the disease from becoming endemic," the report concluded.
Surely, no one would quibble with that sentiment. But wasn't the panel's primary mission to do just that?
Although MINUSTAH has long maintained that the focus should be on treating the disease rather than finding the source, French epidemiologist Renaud Piarroux has argued for the importance of tracking the origin. Among the reasons given are:
[I]f an investigation demonstrates, or even suspects, that problems in detecting asymptomatic carriage, handling sewage or preserving water resources may have resulted in such an epidemic, referred institutions would be compelled to modify their procedures so that such a disaster could never happen again. Thirdly, knowing the origin of the Haitian epidemic is essential for the future. If cholera started from a quiescent reservoir, its elimination will not be achieved in Haiti for many years, if ever. Alternatively, if importation is confirmed, hope of elimination still remains. Fourthly, and most importantly, researching and telling the truth is essential to restore trust between populations and humanitarian staff.
Fortunately, most news articles have looked beyond the conclusion of the report, and accurately noted that while the panel members refused to lay blame on MINUSTAH, the evidence in the report clearly does. Joe Lauria of the Wall Street Journal wrote:
The report plays down as a "hypothesis that soldiers deployed from a cholera-endemic country to the Mirebalais Minustah camp were the source of the cholera" which it said was "a commonly held belief in Haiti."
But the report then describes in detail how the outbreak occurred because of contamination of the Artibonite River from the peacekeeping camp.
Most importantly, for one of the main reasons for trying to trace the origin, as Piarroux noted, the report has led to a series of recommendations that hopefully will prevent something like this from occurring again. The report suggests that UN personnel coming from cholera-endemic regions should first be screened for the disease, that UN personnel should be given antibiotics or vaccines before deployment, and that UN bases should "treat fecal waste using on-site systems."
MINUSTAH Attempts to Avoid Blame
The report also raises serious questions about MINUSTAH's reaction in the first weeks of the cholera outbreak. On October 26, 2010, MINUSTAH issued a statement to "clarify rumors" about the origin of cholera. The statement said:
MINUSTAH is keen to shed light around rumours published by certain media that led to the belief that human refuse thrown into a river in Mirebalais by MINUSTAH would be at the origin of the cholera epidemic in Haiti.
The statement continued, touting their sanitation system: "Seven septic tanks, built in a closed circuit, serve the military base and meet the construction standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)." And it noted that "It is 250 meters from the Meille river, which represents more than 20 times the distance required at the international level."
The recently released report, however, describes the waste pit, where fecal matter and other waste is deposited:
There is no fence around the site, and children were observed playing and animals roaming in the area around the pit. The southeast branch of Meye Tributary System is located a short walk down the hill from the pit, on the banks of which is located the solid waste disposal site for the MINUSTAH camp. Local residents reported trucks delivering waste to this disposal site and commented that the area is susceptible to flooding and overflow into the Tributary during rainfall.
Just two days later, MINUSTAH issued another statement that reiterates the same points again. It also adds that they had undertook tests in the water and they were all negative, and that:
The engineers of Minustah have strongly emphasized that the water overflow near the latrines comes from a water disposal basin connected to a kitchen and a shower -- that occasionally overflows after hard rains -- and not from the latrines or from the septic tanks. This basin is located 3 meters away from the latrines. Passersby mistakenly believed that the proximity of soaked earth as far as the latrines was caused by the overflow of human waste.
Yet the report notes that:
The construction of the water pipes in the main toilet/showering area is haphazard, with significant potential for cross-contamination through leakage from broken pipes and poor pipe connections, especially from pipes that run over an open drainage ditch that runs throughout the camp and flows directly into the Meye Tributary System.
Other UN agencies were often no better, with OCHA spokesperson Imogen Wall calling the cholera outbreak "appalling luck." But as was pointed out previously, the sanitation at the MINUSTAH base was "not sufficient to prevent fecal contamination of the Meye Tributary System" and the report was clear that cholera was introduced "as a result of human activity," and not just "appalling luck."
Also, rather than responding to the legitimate grievances of those protesting against MINUSTAH, the peacekeeping force blamed the protesters for being "politically motivated" and for sowing chaos before the election.
It is unfortunate that his pattern of deflecting blame and dishonesty about the sanitation at the base continues even after the UN report.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) was established in 1999 to promote democratic debate on the most important economic and social issues that affect people's lives. This article was first published in CEPR's Haiti: Relief and Reconstruction Watch blog on 5 May 2011 under a Creative Commons license.
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The report does find that cholera "strains isolated in Haiti and Nepal during 2009 were a perfect match." The MINUSTAH troops at the base were from Nepal. And the disease was introduced "as a result of human activity." But, as Colum Lynch asked:
In the end, the panel echoed the U.N.'s talking points throughout the cholera crisis: that the battle to end the scourge should take priority over determining how it got there. "The source of cholera in Haiti is no longer relevant to controlling the outbreak," he said. "What are needed at this time are measures to prevent the disease from becoming endemic," the report concluded.
Surely, no one would quibble with that sentiment. But wasn't the panel's primary mission to do just that?
Although MINUSTAH has long maintained that the focus should be on treating the disease rather than finding the source, French epidemiologist Renaud Piarroux has argued for the importance of tracking the origin. Among the reasons given are:
[I]f an investigation demonstrates, or even suspects, that problems in detecting asymptomatic carriage, handling sewage or preserving water resources may have resulted in such an epidemic, referred institutions would be compelled to modify their procedures so that such a disaster could never happen again. Thirdly, knowing the origin of the Haitian epidemic is essential for the future. If cholera started from a quiescent reservoir, its elimination will not be achieved in Haiti for many years, if ever. Alternatively, if importation is confirmed, hope of elimination still remains. Fourthly, and most importantly, researching and telling the truth is essential to restore trust between populations and humanitarian staff.
Fortunately, most news articles have looked beyond the conclusion of the report, and accurately noted that while the panel members refused to lay blame on MINUSTAH, the evidence in the report clearly does. Joe Lauria of the Wall Street Journal wrote:
The report plays down as a "hypothesis that soldiers deployed from a cholera-endemic country to the Mirebalais Minustah camp were the source of the cholera" which it said was "a commonly held belief in Haiti."
But the report then describes in detail how the outbreak occurred because of contamination of the Artibonite River from the peacekeeping camp.
Most importantly, for one of the main reasons for trying to trace the origin, as Piarroux noted, the report has led to a series of recommendations that hopefully will prevent something like this from occurring again. The report suggests that UN personnel coming from cholera-endemic regions should first be screened for the disease, that UN personnel should be given antibiotics or vaccines before deployment, and that UN bases should "treat fecal waste using on-site systems."
MINUSTAH Attempts to Avoid Blame
The report also raises serious questions about MINUSTAH's reaction in the first weeks of the cholera outbreak. On October 26, 2010, MINUSTAH issued a statement to "clarify rumors" about the origin of cholera. The statement said:
MINUSTAH is keen to shed light around rumours published by certain media that led to the belief that human refuse thrown into a river in Mirebalais by MINUSTAH would be at the origin of the cholera epidemic in Haiti.
The statement continued, touting their sanitation system: "Seven septic tanks, built in a closed circuit, serve the military base and meet the construction standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)." And it noted that "It is 250 meters from the Meille river, which represents more than 20 times the distance required at the international level."
The recently released report, however, describes the waste pit, where fecal matter and other waste is deposited:
There is no fence around the site, and children were observed playing and animals roaming in the area around the pit. The southeast branch of Meye Tributary System is located a short walk down the hill from the pit, on the banks of which is located the solid waste disposal site for the MINUSTAH camp. Local residents reported trucks delivering waste to this disposal site and commented that the area is susceptible to flooding and overflow into the Tributary during rainfall.
Just two days later, MINUSTAH issued another statement that reiterates the same points again. It also adds that they had undertook tests in the water and they were all negative, and that:
The engineers of Minustah have strongly emphasized that the water overflow near the latrines comes from a water disposal basin connected to a kitchen and a shower -- that occasionally overflows after hard rains -- and not from the latrines or from the septic tanks. This basin is located 3 meters away from the latrines. Passersby mistakenly believed that the proximity of soaked earth as far as the latrines was caused by the overflow of human waste.
Yet the report notes that:
The construction of the water pipes in the main toilet/showering area is haphazard, with significant potential for cross-contamination through leakage from broken pipes and poor pipe connections, especially from pipes that run over an open drainage ditch that runs throughout the camp and flows directly into the Meye Tributary System.
Other UN agencies were often no better, with OCHA spokesperson Imogen Wall calling the cholera outbreak "appalling luck." But as was pointed out previously, the sanitation at the MINUSTAH base was "not sufficient to prevent fecal contamination of the Meye Tributary System" and the report was clear that cholera was introduced "as a result of human activity," and not just "appalling luck."
Also, rather than responding to the legitimate grievances of those protesting against MINUSTAH, the peacekeeping force blamed the protesters for being "politically motivated" and for sowing chaos before the election.
It is unfortunate that his pattern of deflecting blame and dishonesty about the sanitation at the base continues even after the UN report.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) was established in 1999 to promote democratic debate on the most important economic and social issues that affect people's lives. This article was first published in CEPR's Haiti: Relief and Reconstruction Watch blog on 5 May 2011 under a Creative Commons license.
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